Amateka ku ba Papa bayoboye Kiliziya.

Wari uziko Kiliziya Gaturika yigeze kuyoborwa n’ Abapapa 3 icyarimwe?

  Kuri ubu Kiliziya gaturika iyobowe n’ umushumba umwe ari we Papa Benedigito wa 16 Benoit XVI. Ikicaro cye kiri muri Leta ya Vatican akaba ari nawe uyiyobora. Uyu kandi atorwa nyuma y’ ikorwa ry’ imihango ikomeye cyane. Nyamara ibi ntibikuraho ko hari igihe Kiliziya Gaturika yayobowe n’ abapapa barenze umwe, bafite ibyicaro ahantu hatandukanye. 

Bimenyerewe ko Kiliziya gatolika iyoborwa na Papa umwe

Mu mwaka w’ 1377, Papa Gregoire wa 11 yaje kwimukira I Roma avuye mu gace ka Avignon mu Bufaransa, ahari hasanzwe ikicaro gikuru cy’ abapapa kuva mu mwaka w’ 1309 kugeza mu w’ 1376. Gusa nyuma y’ umwaka umwe ni ukuvuga mu w’ 1378, uyu mupapa yaje  kwitaba imana.
Muri iki gihe abari bagize Conclave, ni ukuvuga ihuriro ry’ abacaridinali baba bemerewe gutora papa, bari abafaransa ku bwinshi. Ibi byatumye abaromani bagira ubwoba bw’ uko nyakwigendera Papa Gregoire wa 11 ashobora gusimburwa n’ umufaransa.
Bokejwe igitutu n’ aba baromani, ku wa 8 Mata 1378, I Roma abacaridinali, batoye Bartolomeo Prignano, ukomoka muri Naples nk’ umushumba wa kiliziya gaturika. Uyu yaje no gufata izina ry’ ubushumba  rya Urbain wa 6. Gusa ngo uyu mugabo ntiyigeze abanira aba bacaridinali.
Nyuma y’ amezi ane, aba bacaridinali baje kuva i Roma bajya gutura mu bwami bwa  Naples, aho bahise banamagana itorwa rihatirijwe rya Papa Urbain wa 6, maze ku wa 20 ugushyingo 1378 i Fondi muri ubu bwami bwa Naples, bahita batora umupapa mushya w’ umufaransa ari we Clement wa 7 wahise ufata icyicaro I Avignon mu Bufaransa.
Bishatse kuvuga ko muri icyo gihe, kiliziya gaturika yayoborwaga n’ abapapa babiri, Papa Urbain wa 6 wabaga I Roma ndetse na Clement wa 7 wari ufite ikicaro I Avignon.
Kuva iki gihe, Kiliziya Gturikia yahise icikamo ibice. Uku kurumvikana hagati ya Kiliziya kuzwi cyane kuri “Grand schisme d’ occident” mu rurimi rw’ igifaransa.
Mu bihugu bitandukanye byo ku mugabane w’ uburayi, kiliziya gaturika yabarizwagamo, diyoseze imwe wasangaga iyoborwa n’ abepisikopi babiri, ni ukuvuga ko umwe yabaga afite umupapa ashyigikiye.
Muri iki gihe abakirisitu gaturika bari barabuze icyo bakora n’ icyo bareka , muri make bari nk’ intama zitagira umushumba.
Ibikomangoma by’ iburayi nabyo ntibyatanzwe mu kwinjira muri uyu mukino, dore ko byari no mu ntambara yiswe iyi myaka ijana (Guerre de Cent Ans). Iki gihe buri gikomangoma nticyatinye kugaragaza umupapa kibogamiyeho.
Ubufaransa n’ inshuti zabwo, Portugal, Naples, n’ ibindi bihugu byinshi, byayobotse Clement wa 7, wari ufite icyicaro  i Avignon mu Bufaransa.
Ubwami bw’ abaroma mu Budage,  ibikomangoma by’ abadage, leta z’ abataliyani n’ubwongereza barwanyije abafaransa n’abambari babo, maze bahitamo kwisangira Papa w’ i Roma ari we Urbain wa 6.
Ubusuwisi bw’ ubu, nabwo bwakozweho n’iki kibazo ndetse hiyongeraho ibibazo bya politiki byari muri iki gihugu muri iki gihe. Ibi byatumye amadiyoseze menshi yo muri iki gihugu ayoborwa n’abepisikopi babiri.
Diyoseze ya come, yari ifite igice kinini cy’ agace ka Tessin, yo yayobotse umupapa w’ I Roma, naho iy’ i Geneve yo yiyunga ku mupapa w’ i Avignon.
Abepisikopi b’ i Bare, ab’ i Constance mu butaliyani ndetse n’ ab’ i Sion bo babanje kwiyunga ku mupapa w’ i Avignon, nyuma baza kuyoboka uw’ I Roma.
Mu gihe cy’ imyaka igera 40, yaba Avignon ndetse na Roma, abapapa baratorwaga ari nako buri umwe wese agira abayoboke be.
Nyuma y’ urupfu rwa Urbain wa 6 mu mwaka w’ 1389 ndetse n’ urwa Clement wa 7 mu mwaka w’ 1394, uku gucikamo ibice muri kiliziya gaturika kwarakomeje.
I Roma, Boniface wa 9 mu mwaka w’ 1389 kugeza mu w’ 1404 niwe wayoboraga akaba yari yarasimbuye Urbain wa 6.
Innocent wa 7 mu mwaka w’ 1404 kugeza mu w’ 1406 nawe yaje kuyobora kiliziya gaturika afite ikicaro aha I Roma aho yasimbuwe na Gregoire wa 12 mu mwaka w’ 1406 kugeza mu mwaka w’ 1415.
Muri ibi bihe I Avignon naho babaga bafite abapapa babo. Mu mwaka w’ 1394, umunyaespagne Benedigito wa 13 yasimbuye Clement wa 7, naho mu mwaka w’ 1423 Clement wa 8  nawe ayobora kiliziya gaturika afite ikicaro aha iy’ Avignon mu Bufaransa.
Muri iki gihe kiliziya gaturika yisanze mu kibazo gikomeye kuko bitari byoroshye kuba yakuraho umupapa uwo ari we wese muri aba babiri.
Bamwe mu bacardinali bari bafite ubwumvikane baje gusanga inama  z’ abayobozi bakuru ba kiliziya, arizo  zabafasha gushakira hamwe umuti w’ iki kibazo.
Ku gitekerezo cya kaminuza y’ i Paris, mu mwaka w’ 1409, i Pise mu Butaliyani hatumijwe inama y’ abayobozi bakuru ba kiliziya gaturika. Abantu barahamagajwe imihanda yose. Abantu bagera kuri 500 baturutse ku mpande zombi zitavugaga rumwe, bari bitabiriye iyi nama.
Muri iyi nama, icyemezo cyo kweguza abapapa babiri bayoboraga Kiliziya Gaturika muri iki gihe ndetse hakanatorwa undi, cyarafashwe. Ku wa 5 Kamena, ku mugaragaro hatangazwa iyirukanwa rya papa Gregoire wa 12 ndetse na Benedigito wa 13, maze, bahita batora Alexandre wa 5 ngo ayobore kiliziya gaturika.
Iyi nama ariko irasa nk’ aho ntacyo yagezeho kuko yongereye ibibazo kuruta uko Bibwiraga ko  yabikemuye.
Nyuma gato aba bapapa begujwe, bamaganye iyeguzwa ryabo maze bahitamo kugundira inkoni y’ ubushumba.  Muri icyo gihe kiliziya gaturika yayoborwaga n’abapapa batatu. Mu mwaka w’ 1410, Yohani wa 23 niwe watorewe kuba umushumba wa Kiliziya Gaturika, gusa ntibyabujije n’ ubundi kuba bari abapapa batatu muri Kiliziya imwe.
Nta kindi cyakemuye aya makimbirane yarangwaga muri Kiliziya Gaturika, uretse inama yabereye i Constance mu mwaka w’ 1414 kugeza mu w’ 1418, igahuza abayobozi bakuru ba kiliziya. Iyi nama yari iyobowe na cardinal Jean Allarmet de Brogny.
Yokejwe igitutu n’ igikomangoma Sigismond waje no kuyobora ubwami bw’ abadage, mu mwak w’ 1414, Yohani wa 23 yatumije inama nshya I Constance mu Busuwisi, maze mu mwaka w’ 1415,  iyi nama yirukana Benedigito wa 13 n’ uyu Yohani wa 23 wari wayitumije ndetse inategeka Gregoire wa 12 kwegura.
Ku wa 11 ugushyingo   1417, hatowe Maritini wa 5 nk’ umushumba mushya wa Kiliziya Gaturika. Iki gihe ugucikamo ibice muri iyi Kiliziya kwasaga n’ aho kurangiye kuko niwe wenyine wayiyoboye nyuma y’ iyi nama.
Uku gucikamo ibice kwa kiliziya gaturika kwagize ingaruka zikomeye kuri iyi kiliziya.
Iki kibazo cyari hagati y’ abapapa, cyatumye kiliziya ivugwaho byinsi haba ku butegetsi bwayo ndetse no kubyerekeranye n’ ukwemera gaturika.
John Wyclif, Umwarimu muri kaminuza ya Oxford mu bwongereza, yibasiye iyi kiliziya. Yaragize ati : «  abami nta cyababuza kwambura kiliziya gaturika imitungo yayo, ngo  mu gihe cyose yaba iyikoresha nabi ». Yavuze kandi ko umuntu wese wize, ni ukuvuga ngo ufite ubushobozi bwo kuba yakwisomera bibiliya, nta muhuza mu bihaye imana yakenera ngo amufashe kumva inkuru nziza iri muri iki gitabo.
Ikindi John Wycliff yakoze, ni uko  yahakanye amahane ya  kiliziya gaturika avuga ko yezu kristu abarizwa muri ukarisitiya.
Wycliff, yatangiye gushyira bibiliya mu rurimi rw’ icyongereza aza no gushaka intumwa nyinshi yise lollards. Aba nibo bagendaga bigisha amahame ye mu baturage mu gihe kigera ku myaka icumi. Kiliziya Gaturika, yafataga Wycliff, nk’ umuntu urwanya imana.
Jean Huss w’ i Boheme ho muri Repubulika ya Theque y’ ubu, nawe muri iki gihe, yibasiye kiliziya gaturika. Uyu mugabo ngo waje no kubona abayoboke benshi cyane, yari n’ umupadiri muri kiliziya gaturika. Nubwo  ngo yubahaga papa ndetse akanubaha n’ amahame ya kiliziya ntiyumvikanaga n’ ubutegetsi bwa kiliziya gaturika mu gihugu cye. Jean Huss utaremeraga ibyo yashinjwaga byo kuba ngo yararwanyaga imana, yaciwe na papa ubwe mu muri Kiliziya Gaturika mu mwaka w’ 1410. Gucibwa muri iyi Kiliziya bizwi ku izina rya “Excommunication” mu rurimi rw’ igifaransa.
Jean Huss, yaje guhamagazwa mu nama y’ abayobozi bakuru ba kiliziya gaturika y’ i Constance, aho yanahise atabwa muri yombi n’ ubwo yari yarijejwe umutekano.
Mu mwaka w’ 1415, Huss yaciriwe urubanza, maze ahanishwa gutwikwa akanuye. Ibi byaje gutuma abanyatheques bigaragambya kuva mu mwaka w’ 1419 kugeza mu w’ 1436, nyamara ntibyabahira kuko nabo bahanwe by’ intangarugero.
Nubwo ingoma ya Papa yahuye n’ ibyo bibazo byose, ndetse n’ inama  z’ abayobozi bakuru ba kiliziya, yaba iy’ i Constance kuva mu mwaka w’ 1414 kugeza mu w’ 1418 ndetse n’ iy’ i Bale kuva mu mwaka 1431 kugeza mu mwaka w’ 1449, ntizibashe kwemeza ko izi nama zifata ibyemezo kurusha urwego rwa Papa ndetse n’  ibikomangoma bitandukanye by’ iburengerazuba bw’ isi bikagenda bigabanya agaciro ka papa muri leta zabo, ngo ntibyabujije uru rwego gukomeza kuyobora kiliziya gaturika ku isi hose.